Trolley problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Five variants of the trolley problem. The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics. The general form of the problem is this: There is a runaway trolley barreling down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks, there are five people tied up and unable to move. The trolley is headed straight for them.
The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics. The general form of the problem is this: There is a runaway trolley barreling down the railway tracks. Learn about Metro’s Business Interruption Fund (BIF) Pilot Program at a series of upcoming workshops. Metro and Pacific Coast Regional Small Business Development. Lamers Bus Lines is looking for responsible, safety-minded school bus drivers for daily school bus routes and charter trips, which can range from school field trips. A pensioner waited for 15 minutes at a Tesco trolley bay thinking it was a bus stop. The woman, who has not been named, even leaned on the shelter while reading a.
You are standing some distance off in the train yard, next to a lever. If you pull this lever, the trolley will switch to a different set of tracks. However, you notice that there is one person on the side track. You have two options: (1) Do nothing, and the trolley kills the five people on the main track.
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Which is the most ethical choice? The problem was first introduced by Philippa Foot in 1. Judith Thomson. It has also been a topic in popular books.
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- Philosophers have been gnawing on the infamous Trolley Problem for decades, and it’s always been a purely intellectual exercise with no “right” answer.
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The real culprit being unknown, the judge sees himself as able to prevent the bloodshed only by framing some innocent person and having him executed. Beside this example is placed another in which a pilot whose airplane is about to crash is deciding whether to steer from a more to a less inhabited area. To make the parallel as close as possible it may rather be supposed that he is the driver of a runaway tram which he can only steer from one narrow track on to another; five men are working on one track and one man on the other; anyone on the track he enters is bound to be killed. In the case of the riots the mob have five hostages, so that in both examples the exchange is supposed to be one man's life for the lives of five. A utilitarian view asserts that it is obligatory to steer to the track with one man on it.
According to simple utilitarianism, such a decision would be not only permissible, but, morally speaking, the better option (the other option being no action at all). An opponent of action may also point to the incommensurability of human lives. Under some interpretations of moral obligation, simply being present in this situation and being able to influence its outcome constitutes an obligation to participate. If this is the case, then deciding to do nothing would be considered an immoral act if one values five lives more than one. Related problems.
1 check-in I expected this trolley station to be a bit crowded after a football game but I think the MTS trolley police and event staff could have done a bit.
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You are on a bridge under which it will pass, and you can stop it by putting something very heavy in front of it. As it happens, there is a very fat man next to you . Should you proceed?
Resistance to this course of action seems strong; when asked, a majority of people will approve of pulling the switch to save a net of four lives, but will disapprove of pushing the fat man to save a net of four lives. However, in the second case, harming the one is an integral part of the plan to save the five. This is an argument Shelly Kagan considers, and ultimately rejects, in The Limits of Morality.
This solution is essentially an application of the doctrine of double effect, which says that you may take action which has bad side effects, but deliberately intending harm (even for good causes) is wrong. Act utilitarians deny this. Peter Unger (a non- utilitarian) rejects that it can make a substantive moral difference whether you bring the harm to the one or whether you move the one into the path of the harm.
Even if he knows for sure that innocent people will die if he redirects the plane to a less populated area . It may well be considered noble to sacrifice your own life to protect others, but morally or legally allowing murder of an innocent person in order to save five people may be insufficient justification. In this instance, pushing the villain to his death, especially to save five innocent people, seems not only morally justifiable but perhaps even imperative.
As in the first case, you can divert it onto a separate track. However, this diversion loops back around to rejoin the main track, so diverting the trolley still leaves it on a path to run over the five people. But, on this track is a single fat person who, when he is killed by the trolley, will stop it from continuing on to the five people. Should you flip the switch? The only difference between this case and the original trolley problem is that an extra piece of track has been added, which seems a trivial difference (especially since the trolley won't travel down it anyway). So, if we originally decided that it is permissible or necessary to flip the switch, intuition may suggest that the answer should not have changed.
However, in this case, the death of the one actually is part of the plan to save the five. The rejoining variant may not be fatal to the . This has been suggested by Michael J. Costa in his 1. 98. If we do nothing, then the impact of the trolley into the five will slow it down and prevent it from circling around and killing the one. This approach requires that we downplay the moral difference between doing and allowing. However, this line of reasoning is no longer applicable if a slight change is made to the track arrangements such that the one person was never in danger to begin with, even if the 5 people had been absent .
The question has therefore not been answered. It is also possible to change the points to . Unfortunately, there are no organs available to perform any of these five transplant operations. A healthy young traveler, just passing through the city the doctor works in, comes in for a routine checkup. In the course of doing the checkup, the doctor discovers that his organs are compatible with all five of his dying patients.
Suppose further that if the young man were to disappear, no one would suspect the doctor. Do you support the morality of the doctor to kill that tourist and provide his healthy organs to those five dying persons and save their lives?
The man in the yard. This is one of his examples: As before, a trolley is hurtling down a track towards five people. You can divert its path by colliding another trolley into it, but if you do, both will be derailed and go down a hill, and into a yard where a man is sleeping in a hammock. Should you proceed? Responses to this are partly dependent on whether the reader has already encountered the standard trolley problem (since there is a desire to keep one's responses consistent), but Unger notes that people who have not encountered such problems before are quite likely to say that, in this case, the proposed action would be wrong.
Unger therefore argues that different responses to these sorts of problems are based more on psychology than ethics . Unger claims that people therefore believe the man is not . In one such case, it is possible to do something which will (a) save the five and kill four (passengers of one or more trolleys and/or the hammock- sleeper), (b) save the five and kill three, (c) save the five and kill two, (d) save the five and kill one, or (e) do nothing and let five die.
In cognitive science. The data in the 2. Hauser, Mikhail et al. The main author, Marc Hauser, was subsequently sanctioned by his then employer, Harvard University, in eight unrelated cases of gross research malpractice and data falsification.
Subsequent cross- cultural research has found many apparent counterexamples to this idea of 'Universal Moral Grammar'. In their more well- known experiments. Their hypothesis suggested that encountering such conflicts evokes both a strong emotional response and a reasoned cognitive response, and that these two responses tend to oppose one another. From the f. MRI results, they have found that situations highly evoking a more prominent emotional response such as the fat man variant would result in significantly higher brain activity in brain regions associated with response conflict.
Meanwhile, more conflict- neutral scenarios, such as the relatively disaffected switch variant, would produce more activity in brain regions associated with higher cognitive functions. The potential ethical ideas being broached, then, revolve around the human capacity for rational justification of moral decision making. Psychology. As the vehicle approached, the virtual avatars in the path would begin to scream until impact. Subjects who were more emotionally aroused during the test were less likely to kill the one. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2. Print.^Peter Singer, Ethics and Intuitions The Journal of Ethics (2. Gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas: A process dissociation analysis.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4. The Neuroscience of Morality, W. Sinnott- Armstrong, Ed., (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)^.
Navarrete, C. D., Mc. Donald, M., Mott, M., & Asher, B. Virtual Morality: Emotion and Action in a Simulated 3- D Trolley Problem.
Retrieved 1. 1 May 2. Retrieved 2. 0 April 2. MIT Technology review.